Texture Images
- Deepsky images: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4851/
- Solar Textures: https://www.solarsystemscope.com/textures/
Tutorials on Various 3D Programming
Calculating the position of an orbiting body in an orbit defined by Orbital Elements
See this page for the introduction and the detailed step-by-step calculation orbit_calculation.
There is a Python package called pyorb that can calculate Keplerian (i.e., $xyz$) from reference ($IJK$) or vice versa.
A good introduction on the whole calculation step (and the visualization of the orbital elements) is available from this YouTube video.
Check this YouTube video for Keplerian orbital elements and Euler Angles: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgFaDDt0Rn4
To get orbital elements of Solar System objects, check NASA JPL Horizon.
Blender Tips
This introduction to blender documentation prepared by Michael Cai will be useful for students new to 3D programming.
Here is the link to the shared document. And here is the link to all shared Blender files.
Use this link to convert the Google Doc tutorial shown above to a dw content. https://cgcookie.com/ offers many Blender tutorials. </panel>
Useful tips for creating objects in the Blender night sky
- You need to download relevant NASA star maps and link them in the node editor to see the starry background.
- In Blender rendering, because we are rendering only the changes of the background pixelated images (and no 3-D object), we can turn off ray tracing (Render → Light Paths → max bounce = 1) and set the cycles render's sampling to be 1 (Sampling → Render → Max Samples = 1). Then, it should take less than 10 sec per scene (~20 min rendering for 240 frame animation).
See these examples for creating a virtual, realistic, night sky in Blender:
- Horizon + Mountain + Real nightsky from NASA: here (watch from 19m:10s)
- Create bright Sun“ Sun
- Check this GitHub page which provides “Blender-CelestialSimulator” with Python: https://github.com/Yuxiza/Blender-CelestialSimulator
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RY2_Lhfy53M This simulates 1000 nearby stars. However, this is a collection of 1000 objects (i.e., stars) not a real simulation of the Celestial Sphere.
- There was a relevant question but answers to the question are not helpful.https://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/179119/guidance-on-creating-a-celestial-sphere
- https://blenderartists.org/t/using-blender-to-make-a-real-life-celestial-globe/683089 Not the same one we are trying to build. This attempt is trying to project onto the outer surface area contrary to out case of projection to the interior surface of the Celestial sphere. Again, no helpful info in the answer.
- https://blendermarket.com/products/real-world-starsky-generator This one is listed in the Blender market (for $12). This is close to what we intend to create. ⇒ Can we purchase this one and modify it to fit our need? What's the license term?
- Check this 3D Star Map Add-on in Blender which uses a dataset of real nearby ~3,000 stars. This also shows how to simulate a night sky (i.e., celestial sphere). A free demo version has 299 stars without constellation markings. ⇒ This shows a good tip on how to display texts on the scene (text fixed with respect to a camera)
- NASA image as the HDRI background with constellation lines: Blender-Night-Sky ⇒ This demo also provides a Blender file that shows tips on how to use dynamic camera control (i.e., dynamically changing camera position, origin [i.e., camera field-of-view], etc.)
- Blender 3.? and later versions provide a Geometry Node which can be used in simulating a planet in a orbit around its central star. Check this tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9haf_JsqKlY. Using orbital elements from JPL (https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/approx_pos.html), one can do a decent planetary orbit simulation.
- Check this GitHub page https://github.com/markus-ebke/SolarSystemSimulator showing a Blender package for simulating Solar System from orbital elements.
- This package can simulate an orbit of a planet around a central star with all user-configurable physical parameters (mass, rotation rate, rotation axis tilt angle, orbital elements, etc.).
- This package also display animated orbital elements annotations in the 3D render.
Simulate/Visualize Orbital Motions
- Solar System Simulator has a good tool to create and visualize a Keplerian orbiting system from orbital elements: https://github.com/markus-ebke/SolarSystemSimulator
- https://github.com/japhir/visualise-orbitN uses the output of orbitN (A symplectic integrator for planetary systems dominated by a central mass; 2024 AJ) and visualize in Blender. Positions of planets are likely accurate.
Blender Add-ons for Space Scene
- Check this YouTube video introducing 6 add-ons (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=We6xdvd-7u8). None of these are free though.
Python in Blender
Good tutorials from YouTube on Python in Blender
- Watch this first if you are new to Blender: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rqhtw7dg6Wk:Blender in 20min
- Watch this first if you are new to Python scripting in Blender: Getting Started with Scripting in Python
- Good intro in general and how to make an addon with Python: Python Crash Course for Blender
- Cool animation, collections, and context: Animation with Python in Blender
Unity Tips
Share project with others
- For you:
- Right-click your project folder in Project view > Export package > Export (make sure everything is selected) > Choose a place > Send him the package
- Someone:
- Create new project > File > Open Scene > Double clicks it
Unity object, asset, prefab, and package
- component: fundamental ingredients such as button, text, image, audio, etc.
- game object: a basic container of components
- asset: a file representing any item that can be used in the project
- prefab: a saved, fully configured GameObject that can be used in other scenes or projects
- package: a collection of files and data for a Unity project stored in a single file
Orbiting/Rotating Earth on a tilted axis
Physically Based Sky Virtual Sky
This page describes how to create a Unity HDRP virtual sky model with the Physically Based Sky from the scratch. I used the hints from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpTzwyiGByE in using the PBS.
It is assumed that there is a separate folder, named “PBR_Tutorial”, in the Project section (under Assets) where the sample scene is to be created and stored. If the folder does not exist, you can create one (or store subsequent items in your folder).
Steps
Make sure that you are using the HDRP rendering pipeline
- Download or locate the deepsky images from NASA (https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4851/). Download 16K or 4K.
- download the star map, coordinate grid map, constellation boundary, and constellation shape.
- store them in “Textures” folder so that other projects can use them as well.
- convert the image to the Cube Shape (click the image –> Texture Shape in the Inspector –> select “Cube”. Set the right “Max Size” under “Default”
- Delete everything in the current hierarchy.
- Create a new scene: Right-click on the Assests folder –> Create –> Scene
- Create a Global Volume: Right-click on the hierarchy –> Volume –> Global Volume
- Click “New” in the Inspector panel.
- Click “Add Override” –> Sky –> Physically Based Sky
- Select Model–>Type = Earth (Advanced)
- Click Space –> Space Emission Texture and set it to the downloaded deepsky image.
- Click “Add Override” –> Visual Environment
- Set Sky Type to “Physically Based Sky”
- Diurnal rotation of the sky can be simulated by “Gloval Volume” –> “Space” –> “Space Rotation”
Changing the angle of the directional light can simulate the movement of the Sun in the sky. Also, the diurnal rotation can be controlled as shown in the below image.
Improvements to be added
- Check if multiple textures can be blended (i.e., displaying deep sky map with alpha-channel coordinate grid) =⇒ we may have to use the Shader Graph to blend textures.
- Script controlling of the Sun and sky rotation
- Overlay toggleable coordinate grid, constellation maps. How? Is it possible?
- Add horizon etc.
— Inseok Song 2024/11/18 18:38
There is a free asset called, SimplerKeplerOrbits, in the Unity asset store. It has three sample scenes and we can use this package as the starting point to create our desired Solar System simulation. Especially, check Example 3 in the included scenes which allows users' tilting and zooming actions in the rendered window (i.e. in the GamePlay mode), and it also allows to set the observing date (set to “now” automatically). There is a UI slider that can speed up and go backward in time as well. Nice! We can recycle most of these in our 3-D model.
We can create a realistic Solar System model with three free Unity assets (Simple Kepler Orbits, Planets of the Solar System, and MilkyWay).
For example, we can create a simple model by following the sequence of operations below.
- Start a new 3D Unity project
- Set project setting (Edit → Project Settings; pay attention to Graphics [Rendering], Quality etc.)
- Import necessary assets (Package Manager: Install assets from My Assets)
- In the main camera setting, choose the right Renderer and select “Post Processing”. Choose the MilkyWay skybox (drag one onto the main camera).
- Create three objects (two spheres and one object). You can drag and drop Sun and Earth from “Planets of the Solar System”. One sphere is an attractor (i.e., the central star), the other sphere is an orbiting object (e.g., Earth), and the 3rd object is a velocity indicator. This is an easy approach, but in our desired model, we want to calculate orbital motion by solving Kepler equation in conjunction with six orbital elements.
- Drag and drop “KeplerOrbitMover” script on the orbiting object. Drop “KeplerOrbitLineDisplay” on the orbiting object as well if orbits need to be displayed with curves.
- Then, select the central object as the attractor and set the right mass value.
- Set velocity handle, length scale, and time scale.
- Render and you can see an animation.
- Check “Fast Script Reload” asset which may decrease the loading time of the script.
Procedural (Script-based) Sun-Earth-Moon Model Creation
Sample WebGL model of the Sun-Earth-Moon System
This embedded WebGL rendering of the Sun-Earth-Moon system created with Unity can be played in any modern web browser. The right mouse button can tilt/rotate the scene, the middle mouse button scroll adjusts a zoom level. Click the image below to access the model.
Setup VR with a Quest Headset
Detailed step-by-step tutorial (created by Ricky Correia):unity_to_vr.docx
General Steps:
- Create a Meta account
- Enable Developer mode
- Enable Quest Link
- Meta Quest Developer Hub (MQDH)
MicroSoft also has this tutorial: MS + Quest
Creating AR
Render 2+ camera views
Create cameras as you need. Then, change the “Viewport Rect” (Width and Height and X & Y) to set the desired location and size you need. In the render view then, you will have more than one camera views.
Display UI info and tools
You can add many UI components in three different ways in Unity by changing the “Render Mode”: (1) screen overlay (always displayed on screen), (2) camera space (displayed over camera view), and (3) world space (as if they are regular objects).
Unreal Engine Tips
Space scene in Unreal Engine 5.x
Check these tutorials for UE5
- Various tutorials for UE5 (asteroid belt, Solar System, Nebular, Neutron Stars, Blackhole, etc.): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3h9_2VztKEFm-WauCP9n_m3fNBqRruAR
- Step-by-step tutorial for creating Solar System in UE5: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6jMdZzbgqlCumwccHDRHyW_5m6fOluom
- Create User Interface in UE5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kM27HYbpvc0